Navigating the world of puppy nutrition can be a delightful yet daunting task for new pet owners. This article provides a comprehensive guide on what to feed a puppy, focusing on the best food for puppies to ensure they grow up healthy and strong.
We’ll explore safe foods for puppies, breaking down the do’s and don’ts of a balanced puppy diet. From commercial kibble to homemade meals, understand the critical elements of puppy nutrition that support their development and wellbeing. Whether you’re setting up a feeding routine for the first time or looking to refine your puppy’s diet, our insights will help you make informed decisions for your furry friend.
From the safest foods for your young canines to the ideal macronutrient profiles for different breed sizes, we’ll cover all the essentials of what you can feed your pup, using the best sources on canine nutrition, especially our favorite veterinary nutritionist, Dr. Linda Case. So, let’s dive into the world of growing canine diets and set the stage for a lifetime of wellness.
So, What Can Puppies Eat?
Puppies can eat a balanced diet tailored to their size and breed, consisting of high-quality puppy food that meets AAFCO standards. They can also eat lean meat, lot’s of oily fish high in omega-fatty acids, moderate amounts of healthy vegetables and fruits like blueberries for antioxidants. Remember, some puppies may have specific nutritional needs for underlying health conditions.
Generally, avoid giving your young dog table scraps as it can upset their tummies.
As soon as puppies are weaned, they can eat most foods that are safe for dogs. However, the more relevant question is “what should puppies eat?”. And the answer to that is that it really depends on your puppy’s size, breed, and overall health or genetic predisposition. In this article, I will give some serious insight on what’s okay to feed puppies, at what age, and specific health issues to be aware of.
Later in this article, we will get into some of the general guidelines of proper growing caning nutrition. But remember that puppies are individuals and can have individual nutritional needs. Here are some examples of breed specific nutritional requirements:
- Some breeds like Newfoundlands and Cocker Spaniels need more taurine in their diets;
- Boxers and Dobermans can needs more carnitine for heart health;
- Some breeds like Labradors, Irish Wolfhounds, or Yorkshire Terriers may have liver shunts, which can limit how much and what kind of protein they should eat; and
- Dalmatians, especially male dogs, can have trouble metabolizing the purines in red meat, and may need a white meat only diet to prevent kidney stones.
I cannot stress enough how much there is no such thing as a diet for all ages and all puppies. Each puppy is unique, and it is vital one feeds them according to their specific dietary needs. It’s also vital to feed your puppy to maintain a healthy body condition. Being overweight as growing dog, just like being underweight, can affect their long-term health.
Remember, most puppies need about three to four meals a day. But this can also depend on your dog’s age and size. With smaller and younger dogs needing to be fed more often than larger and older dogs.
So, puppies have different nutritional needs than full-grown dogs. It’s important to feed them a balanced diet that meets their specific requirements. Here are some foods that puppies can eat:
1. High-quality puppy food
Puppy food is specially formulated to meet the nutritional needs of growing puppies. It contains higher levels of protein, fat, and calories than full-grown dog food. Look for a high-quality young dog food that is appropriate for your pup’s breed and size. Many dog owners choose dry food, but raw food is on the the rise and we will briefly discus the kind of food for a healthy dog below.
2. Cooked meat
Cooked meat is a good source of protein for puppies. Make sure the meat is lean and cooked thoroughly to avoid any risk of bacterial contamination. Avoid giving your growing dog raw meat or bones, as they can be a choking hazard.
3. Vegetables
Vegetables are a great source of vitamins and minerals for puppies. Some good options include sweet potatoes, carrots, kale, and peas. Make sure to cook the vegetables before feeding them to your dog.
4. Fruits
Fruits are another good source of vitamins and minerals for puppies. Some good options include apples, bananas, and blueberries. Make sure to remove any seeds or pits before feeding the fruit to your pup.
5. Dairy products
Dairy products can be a good source of calcium for puppies. Some good options include plain yogurt and cottage cheese. However, some puppies may be lactose intolerant, so it’s important to monitor your dog’s reaction to dairy products.
Overall, it’s important to feed your juvenile canine a balanced diet that meets their specific nutritional needs. Consult with your veterinarian to determine the best diet for your puppy.
Human Foods Safe for Puppies
Puppies are curious creatures and love to explore everything around them, including the food that their owners eat. While it is important to stick to a balanced and nutritious diet for your pup, there are certain human foods that are safe for them to eat in moderation. But remember, treats should never be more than 10% of your puppies daily calories.
Fruits and Vegetables
Fruits and vegetables are a great source of vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Some fruits and vegetables that are safe for them to eat include:
- Apples (without the seeds);
- Bananas;
- Blueberries;
- Carrots;
- Green beans;
- Kale;
- Pumpkin (cooked and unsweetened); and
- Sweet potatoes.
Make sure to cut fruits and vegetables into small, bite-sized pieces to prevent choking, and always remove any seeds or pits.
Lean Meats
Lean meats are a good source of protein for your juvenile dog. Some lean meats that are safe for them to eat include:
- Chicken (cooked and boneless);
- Turkey (cooked and boneless); and
- Beef (cooked and lean).
Make sure to remove any bones, fat, or skin before feeding your growing pup, as these can cause digestive issues. Remember to feed more white meat than red as red meat is linked to higher rates of cancer.
Fish
Fish is a great source of protein and omega-3 fatty acids for your young dog. Some fish that are safe for them to eat include:
- Salmon (cooked and boneless); and
- Tuna (cooked and boneless)
Make sure to remove any bones as these can cause choking or digestive issues.
Rice and Healthy Grains
Rice and oats are a good source of carbohydrates for your pup. And yes, your puppy can eat grains as grain allergies are very rare. Some rice and pasta that are safe for them to eat include:
- Brown rice (cooked);
- White rice (cooked); and
- Oats (cooked).
Make sure to avoid adding any seasonings or sauces to the rice or pasta, as these can be harmful to your puppy.
Grains are a good source of energy for dogs and most dogs aren’t allergic to them. If your dog does have an allergy, you can just stop giving them that particular grain. Healthy grains like brown rice, oats, and a little barley are great because they have resistant starch, which is good for their tummy and helps keep their sugar levels steady. This can even help stop diabetes. Just remember to cook the grains before feeding them to your dog.
Commercial Puppy Foods
When it comes to feeding puppies, commercial puppy foods are a popular option for many pet owners. These foods are designed specifically for puppies and are formulated to provide all the necessary nutrients for their growth and development. At this point we are going to go over what to look for in a good commercial dog food to make sure your dog gets the best diet.
General Principles of Young Dog Nutrition
No matter the breed size, there are some general principles of canine nutrition that are universally important:
- Proteins: High-quality proteins are the building blocks for muscle development and body growth. Puppies need more protein than when they are adults to help their bodies grow.
- Fats: Essential for energy, fats in a growing pup’s diet support growth and are also crucial for brain development. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids play a significant role in cognitive function and skin health.
- Carbohydrates: While not as critical as proteins and fats, healthy carbohydrates provide energy and help keep the gastrointestinal system functioning correctly.
- Vitamins and Minerals: A precise balance of vitamins and minerals supports a young dog’’s immune system and bone health. An excess or deficiency can lead to health issues, so these should be carefully monitored.
- Water: Adequate hydration is vital. Puppies need constant access to clean water to support all their bodily functions.
Reading Pet Food Labels
Choosing the right puppy food is a decision that should not be taken lightly, and the information on pet food labels is a valuable tool in making that choice. Especially when comparing foods for small and large breed puppies, it’s crucial to recognize that there is no universal dog food that is suitable for all puppies. Each size has its unique needs.
Large Breed Food Analysis
For large breed puppies, the guaranteed analysis on the label should reflect a careful balance that supports their growth without accelerating it too quickly. Here’s what to look for:
- Protein: An ideal range of 29-34% to support steady muscle growth without excess weight gain that can strain developing joints.
- Fat: A moderate fat content of 11-16%, providing necessary energy and supporting cell integrity without contributing to excessive growth.
- Fiber: A range of 2.4-5.6%, enough to aid in digestion but not so much that it interferes with the absorption of essential nutrients.
- Calcium and Phosphorus: These should be in the range of 0.8-1.4% and 0.7-1.2% respectively, with a Ca:P ratio of 1.1:1 to 1.3:1. This ensures proper bone development without predisposing the pup to bone disorders.
- Magnesium and Vitamin D3: Magnesium should be about 0.9%, and Vitamin D3 should be around 700 IU/kg to regulate the absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus.
The caloric content is equally important. Large breed puppies need a lower calorie diet to prevent them from growing too quickly, which can lead to skeletal and joint issues.
Small Breed Food Analysis
Small breed puppies, with their higher metabolic rates, require a diet that’s rich in nutrients and more calorie-dense:
- Protein: At least 30% to fuel their rapid development and high energy levels.
- Fat: Around 20%, which is essential for energy, and can be reduced as they reach maturity.
- Carbohydrates: A substantial 40%, providing the energy necessary for their active lives.
- Fiber: A blend of soluble and insoluble fibers, totaling around 4 to 5%, is ideal for gastrointestinal health without compromising nutrient absorption.
Small breed puppies can demand upwards of 40 calories per pound of body weight, which is significantly higher than their larger counterparts.
Why There Is No “Suitable For All Ages Dog Food”: Puppy Food Myths
When reading the labels, it’s clear that one size does not fit all in canine nutrition. The detailed analysis provides insight into the specific needs of different sizes. Large breed puppies require careful nutrient management to prevent orthopedic issues, whereas small breed puppies need concentrated energy and nutrients to match their higher metabolic rates.
Tailoring Diet to Size: Large, Small, Medium, and Giant Breeds
Each size category — large, small, medium, and giant — has distinct dietary needs that must be met for optimal health.
Best Puppy Food For Large Breeds
Large breed puppies, such as German Shepherds and Golden Retrievers, require a diet that promotes slow, steady growth to prevent joint and bone problems. These breeds benefit from a controlled calorie intake and the right balance of calcium and phosphorus to ensure their large frames develop properly without excess stress on their skeletal system.
Best Puppy Food For Small Breeds
On the other hand, small breed puppies like Yorkies or Pomeranians have faster metabolisms and thus, require a calorie-dense diet. They need more energy per pound of body weight than their larger counterparts. However, it’s crucial to monitor their food intake to prevent obesity, which can lead to health issues in a small frame.
Best Puppy Food For Medium Breeds
Medium breeds, such as Beagles and Cocker Spaniels, sit in the middle, requiring a balanced approach. Their food should support their active lifestyle while preventing overfeeding, which could lead to obesity and its associated health risks.
Best Puppy Food For Giant Breeds
Giant breeds, like the Mastiff or Great Dane, have a longer growth period and are at risk for developmental disorders if their diet isn’t managed correctly. They need a carefully calibrated diet with appropriate calorie content to avoid rapid growth while providing enough energy for their massive size.
Foods to Avoid for Puppies
Puppies are cute and cuddly, but they are also curious and love to explore their surroundings. As a result, they may try to eat anything they find, including foods that are not safe for them. It is important for puppy owners to be aware of the foods that are toxic or hard to digest for their furry friends.
Toxic Foods
Some human foods can be toxic to puppies and cause serious health problems. Here are some examples of foods that puppies should avoid:
- Chocolate: Contains theobromine, which can cause vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, and even death in severe cases.
- Grapes and raisins: Can cause kidney failure in dogs.
- Onions and garlic: Can damage red blood cells and cause anemia.
- Avocado: Contains persin, which can cause vomiting and diarrhea.
- Xylitol: A sugar substitute found in many sugar-free gums and candies, can cause a rapid insulin release, leading to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), seizures, liver failure, and even death.
Hard to Digest Foods
Puppies have delicate digestive systems, and some foods can be hard for them to digest. Here are some examples of foods that puppies should avoid or eat in moderation:
- Milk Dairy products: Puppies may be lactose intolerant, and dairy products can cause diarrhea and other digestive issues.
- Raw meat and eggs: Can contain harmful bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli, which can cause food poisoning in puppies.
- Bones: Can cause choking, blockages, and punctures in the digestive tract.
- Spicy foods: Can cause digestive upset, including vomiting and diarrhea.
Feeding Puppies at Different Ages
Puppies go through several stages of development, and each phase has its unique dietary needs. Initially, mother’s milk provides all the necessary nutrients. But as puppies grow, their energy needs increase, and so does the need for a more complex diet. Let’s break down the stages:
What Can Puppies Eat at 3 to 4 Weeks Old?
Three weeks is when puppies typically begin the weaning process. Their diet still primarily consists of mother’s milk, but you can start introducing solid food by offering a slurry—puppy food softened with puppy milk replacer or warm water. This helps them transition to more solid foods later on.
What Can Puppies Eat at 6 Weeks?
By six weeks, puppies should be eating a moistened form of quality young dog food consistently. Their diet should be high in calories, fats, and proteins to support their energy levels and growth needs. Six-week-old puppies should be fed multiple times throughout the day to maintain their energy levels and support healthy growth.
What Can Puppies Eat at 8 Weeks Old?
At eight weeks or two months old, puppies are typically ready to transition to a diet of solid food. Puppy-specific kibble or wet food should be introduced gradually, mixed with a bit of water to make it easier to digest. The kibble should be small enough for their tiny mouths and designed to meet the nutrient requirements for their developmental stage. During this time, they’re developing their teeth, so a mix of soft and slightly harder foods can aid in this process.
What Can a Four-Month-Old Puppy Eat?
By four months, your young dog should be fully weaned off mother’s milk and introduced to solid foods. At this stage, their diet should consist of high-quality puppy food that’s rich in proteins and fats to support their rapid growth. This is also a time to introduce a variety of flavors and textures to prevent picky eating habits. Be mindful of the size and breed of your pup, as larger breeds may require food with specific nutrient ratios to prevent growth-related disorders.
Vitamins, Minerals, and Supplements for Puppies
Puppies grow at an astonishing rate, and their diets must be rich in the vitamins and minerals that support this rapid development. Essential vitamins like A, D, E, and K, along with B-complex vitamins, are crucial for bone growth, nerve function, and energy production.
Minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium play pivotal roles in building strong bones and teeth. However, they need to be in the correct amounts and proportions. They need the right balance of calcium and phosphorus for strong bones. Look for food that has about 0.8% to 1.4% calcium and 0.7% to 1.2% phosphorus. This balance is super important for their correct bone growth.
An excess of certain nutrients, like calcium in large breed puppies, can lead to growth abnormalities and other health issues.
Big puppies, like those who will grow up to be really large dogs, can sometimes not get enough zinc, which can make their skin itchy and flaky. Make sure their food has a special kind of zinc called ‘chelated zinc’ to help prevent this.
Puppies also need lots of DHA, which is a special omega-3 fatty acid for their brains to develop well. It’s mostly found in fish oils. They need another good stuff called EPA, too.
For staying healthy overall, big puppies need a good mix of omega-6 and omega-3 fats, with about five times more omega-6 than omega-3.
Breed-Specific Diet Considerations
Each dog breed comes with its unique set of genetic predispositions that can influence dietary needs. For example, large breeds prone to joint issues may benefit from foods with joint-supporting supplements like glucosamine and chondroitin. Small breeds with a risk of dental problems might require diets that promote dental health.
Transitioning to Adult Dog Food
When puppies reach the age of one year, they are considered adult dogs. At this point, it is important to transition them from puppy food to adult dog food.
Adult dog food contains different levels of nutrients compared to puppy food. It has fewer calories, fat, and protein, which are not necessary for adult dogs. Instead, it has more fiber and carbohydrates that are beneficial for their digestive system.
Before transitioning your puppy to adult dog food, consult with your veterinarian. They can recommend the best type of food for your dog based on their breed, size, and overall health.
It is important to gradually transition your puppy to adult dog food to avoid any digestive issues. Start by mixing a small amount of adult dog food with their current puppy food, gradually increasing the amount of adult dog food over the course of a week or two.
During the transition, monitor your dog’s behavior and appetite. If you notice any changes in their behavior or eating habits, consult with your veterinarian.
In summary, transitioning your youngster to adult dog food is an important step in their development.
Raw vs. Kibble vs. Canned Food: What’s Best for Your Puppy?
The debate between raw, kibble, and canned food diets is ongoing. Raw diets can provide fresh, unprocessed nutrients which are lower in disease-causing compounds called glycotoxins. But carry risks of bacterial contamination and nutritional imbalances. If you decide on raw food, make sure it is completely and properly balanced for your dog’s long-term health.
Kibble is convenient and has a long shelf life but often contains preservatives and fillers. Canned food is palatable and high in moisture but can be expensive and may contribute to dental decay.
The best choice depends on your pup’s health, dietary needs, and your ability to provide a balanced diet.
Can puppies eat apples?
Yes, puppies can eat apples in moderation. Apples are a good source of vitamins A and C, as well as fiber for your puppy. However, make sure to remove the seeds and core first, as they can be choking hazards and the seeds contain cyanide, which is toxic to dogs.
Can puppies eat bananas?
Bananas are safe for puppies to eat in small quantities. They are high in potassium, vitamins, biotin, fiber, and copper. They are low in cholesterol and sodium, but because they have a high sugar content, bananas should be given as a treat, not as a regular part of your puppy’s diet.
Can puppies eat carrots?
Absolutely, carrots are safe and healthy for puppies to eat. Carrots can help improve your puppy’s dental health and are a low-calorie source of vitamins and minerals, such as beta-carotene and vitamin A. They can be fed raw or cooked, but raw carrots are a good chew, especially for teething puppies.
What to do if my puppy ate chocolate?
If your puppy eats chocolate, it’s important to act quickly because chocolate is toxic to dogs. The toxicity depends on the type and amount of chocolate eaten and the size of your puppy. Symptoms of chocolate poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, rapid breathing, increased heart rate, and seizures. Contact your veterinarian or an emergency pet clinic immediately if you suspect your puppy has ingested chocolate. Be ready to inform them about the amount and type of chocolate consumed. This will help them determine the necessary steps to take, which might include inducing vomiting or administering activated charcoal.
Always consider consulting your vet before introducing new foods into your puppy’s diet to ensure they are suitable and safe for their specific health needs.
Introducing Peanut Butter to Puppies
Introducing peanut butter to puppies can be a delightful treat, given its palatability and high protein content. However, it’s crucial to choose a peanut butter that is free from xylitol, a sugar substitute that is toxic to dogs. Start with a small amount on a spoon or mix it into their food to see how they react. Peanut butter can be a good source of added nutrients but should be given in moderation due to its high fat content, which can lead to obesity if overfed.
Best Puppy Food for Allergies
When selecting the best puppy food for allergies, look for hypoallergenic formulas that avoid common allergens like chicken, beef, dairy, and wheat. Novel proteins such as venison, duck, or salmon, and carbohydrate sources like sweet potato or peas are often better tolerated. Always choose a high-quality food that eliminates artificial colors and preservatives, which can exacerbate allergies. Consultation with a veterinarian can provide guidance based on specific allergic responses observed in your puppy.
How Often Should I Feed My Puppy
The feeding frequency of your puppy depends largely on their age. For the first few months (2-4 months old), puppies should be fed four times a day. As they grow (4-6 months old), this can be reduced to three meals a day. From six months to maturity, most puppies can be fed twice a day. Regular feeding schedules not only help with digestion but also establish a routine, aiding in behavioral training and management.
Conclusion
Choosing the right diet for your young dog is one of the most important decisions you’ll make for their health and well-being. By understanding the specific nutritional needs of your dog, reading pet food labels carefully, and consulting with your veterinarian, you can ensure that your pooch grows into a healthy and happy adult dog. Remember, a well-fed pup is a strong foundation for a life of wellness and vitality.
Meet Your Experts
Author
Tamsin de la Harpe has nearly two decades of experience with dogs in rescue, training, and behavior modification with fearful and aggressive dogs. She has worked closely with veterinarians and various kennels, building up extensive medical knowledge and an understanding of canine health and physiology. She also spent two years in the animal sciences as a canine nutrition researcher, focusing on longevity and holistic healthcare for our four-legged companions. Tamsin currently keeps a busy homestead with an assortment of rescue dogs and three Bullmastiffs.